Biographies
Biography of Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898): German Unification and Realpolitik
Otto von Bismarck was the Prussian statesman whose character, conservatism, and political calculation shaped German unification.
Biography of Camillo Cavour (1810-1861): Italian Unification and Realpolitik
Camillo Cavour was the pragmatic Piedmontese statesman whose diplomacy, economic modernization, and alliances helped make Italian unification possible.
Biography of Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
Garibaldi was a major leader of the unification of Italy and he had an adventurous and tumultuous personal life.
Biography of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
Adolf Hitler turned German crisis, racial ideology, and dictatorship into Nazi rule, World War II, and the Holocaust.
Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Napoleon was a French general who became Consul, then Emperor. He ruled over Europe for many years until his final defeat and exile.