Brazil
Brazil Before Effective Portuguese Colonization
Before sugar plantations, Brazil was a coastal trade frontier shaped by brazilwood, Indigenous labor, and the Portuguese fear of rival powers.
Colonial Brazil (1500-1822): Politics, Economy and Society
For three centuries, Brazil was ruled by Portugal under a harsh colonial system whose practices continued long after independence.
The Life of African Slaves in Brazil: Violence and Resistance
Africans and their descendants lived in subjugation in Brazil, but they resisted it and left a legacy in Brazilian society.
African Slave Trade to Brazil: Causes, Operation, and End
From the 1500s to 1850, the Atlantic slave trade carried millions of Africans to Brazil and sustained colonial slavery.
Indigenous Slavery in Brazil: Motives, Obstacles, and Laws
Indigenous labor was widely used in the early stages of Brazil’s colonization and persisted in various regions even after successive laws prohibited it.
Dutch Brazil: Conquest, Reconquest and Legacy
In the 17th century, the Netherlands gained control of a significant part of Brazil, seeking to dominate the sugar trade.
Brazilian Economy Under the Kubitschek Administration
The JK government industrialized Brazil quickly, but debt, inflation, and regional inequality left a difficult legacy.
Brazilian Economy in the Café Filho Administration
Café Filho’s government moved from orthodox contraction to credit expansion while easing capital-goods imports.
Brazilian Economy During the Second Vargas Administration (1951-1954)
Vargas’s second administration combined development policy with inflation, fiscal strain, and foreign-exchange crisis.
Brazilian Economy in the Dutra Administration
The Dutra administration moved from orthodox trade liberalism to heterodox protectionism as inflation and currency pressures grew.
Brazilian Economy in the Vargas Era (1930-1945)
The Vargas Era began during the Great Depression and promoted intensive industrial growth in Brazil.
Brazilian Economy in the First Republic
During the First Republic, Brazil experienced significant economic transformations but remained dependent on coffee exports.
Brazilian Economy in the Empire: Regional Highlights
From 1822 until 1889, Brazil’s economy was characterized by great regional diversity: agriculture, mining, and industries.
Brazilian Economy in the Colonial Period
The economy of Colonial Brazil was characterized by the predominance of sugar and mining, along with some other less relevant activities.