Café Filho’s government moved from orthodox contraction to credit expansion while easing capital-goods imports.

Vargas’s second administration combined development policy with inflation, fiscal strain, and foreign-exchange crisis.

This chapter discusses the failure of the Treaty of Versailles, which enabled the rise of Hitler’s Nazism and Mussolini’s Fascism in Germany and Italy.

This chapter discusses European politics in the interwar period, with a focus on the role of Gustav Stresemann to reinsert Germany in power politics.

This chapter discusses the challenges affecting the European international order in the aftermath of World War I.

The Dutra administration moved from orthodox trade liberalism to heterodox protectionism as inflation and currency pressures grew.

The Vargas Era began during the Great Depression and promoted intensive industrial growth in Brazil.

This chapter discusses the transition from the First World War to the Treaty of Versailles, influenced by Woodrow Wilson, that established a fragile peace.

This chapter discusses the short-term causes for the outbreak of World War I after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.