The Risorgimento made Italy become an independent country thanks to revolutionaries like Garibaldi and moderates like Cavour.

This chapter discusses European politics in the 17th century, focusing on the roles of Cardinal Richelieu, William of Orange, and William Pitt.

This chapter explains how Roosevelt’s realism and Wilson’s moral internationalism shaped the United States as a global power.

This chapter introduces Kissinger’s ideas about American diplomacy and briefly contrasts them with the policies of other countries.

The Revolutions of 1848 were a Europe-wide wave of liberal, nationalist, and social uprisings known as the Springtime of the Peoples.

In the 1830s, liberal revolutions overthrew Charles X in France, secured Belgian independence, and failed in Italy, Germany, and Poland.

In the 1820s, liberals attempted to seize power in Spain, a civil war occurred in Portugal, and the Greek got their independence.

The liberal revolutions in 19th-century Europe challenged the Vienna order in 1820, 1830 and 1848 with constitutional demands.

The Concert of Europe used alliances, congresses, and crisis diplomacy to manage Europe after Napoleon.