Germany
Biography of Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898): German Unification and Realpolitik
Otto von Bismarck was the Prussian statesman whose character, conservatism, and political calculation shaped German unification.
Treaty of Versailles: Terms, Reparations, and Why It Failed
What the Treaty of Versailles did to Germany, why reparations and enforcement failed, and how the settlement destabilized Europe.
Unification of Germany: Origins, Wars, and Bismarck’s Role
Germany was created from wars that unified various small kingdoms and two larger ones: Austria and Prussia.