Revolutions
Haitian Revolution: Slavery, Independence, and the Atlantic World
The Haitian Revolution destroyed slavery in Saint-Domingue, defeated French reconquest, and reshaped Atlantic politics.
Creoles and Peninsulares: Political Hierarchy in the Spanish Empire
Creoles and peninsulares formed rival Spanish American elites whose hierarchy shaped colonial rule and independence politics.
Estates-General of 1789: Why an Old Assembly Became a Political Rupture
The Estates-General of 1789 turned France’s fiscal crisis into a dispute over representation and national sovereignty.
Charles I and the Origins of the English Civil War
The English Civil War grew from disputes over taxation, religion, Parliament, and control of armed force under Charles I.
Mexican Revolution: Causes, Timeline, Leaders and Consequences
The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 against Porfirio Díaz and reshaped Mexico through civil war, land demands and the Constitution of 1917.
Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger - Chapter 22 - Hungary
This chapter discusses the Hungarian Revolution in 1956, when university students attempted to resist Soviet domination, but were repressed by the Warsaw Pact.
American Revolution: Causes, Battles and Timeline
In 1776, the United States became an independent country following several years of discontent with British colonial rule.
19th-Century Revolutions According to Hobsbawm
In The Age of Revolution, Eric Hobsbawm links the French and Industrial Revolutions to 19th-century liberal upheavals.
English Revolutions in the 17th Century: An Overview
England’s 17th-century revolutions turned Stuart conflict, civil war, restoration, and invasion into parliamentary monarchy.
Revolutions of 1848: What Was the Springtime of the Peoples?
The Revolutions of 1848 were a Europe-wide wave of liberal, nationalist, and social uprisings known as the Springtime of the Peoples.
Liberal Revolutions of the 1830s in Europe
In the 1830s, liberal revolutions overthrew Charles X in France, secured Belgian independence, and failed in Italy, Germany, and Poland.
Liberal Revolutions of the 1820s in Europe
In the 1820s, liberals attempted to seize power in Spain, a civil war occurred in Portugal, and the Greek got their independence.
Liberal Revolutions in 19th-Century Europe: 1820, 1830 and 1848
The liberal revolutions in 19th-century Europe challenged the Vienna order in 1820, 1830 and 1848 with constitutional demands.
French Revolution: Summary, Causes, and Phases
The French Revolution was the process that began with a challenge to the rule of Louis XVI and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power.